This publication presents the proceedings of the first international conference to specifically address the illicit trafficking of nuclear and radioactive material. The principal aim of the conference was to examine the threat and context of such illicit trafficking and assess the results of activities in place to combat such trafficking. Participants also discussed what additional actions may be required and how the obligations and commitments of the binding and non-binding international instruments could be, and are being, implemented by various States. Illicit nuclear trafficking remains an international concern, with repercussions for human life, health, property and the environment, and the conference concluded that efforts should be made to establish effective systems, both technical and administrative, to control the movement of nuclear and other radioactive materials, and to prevent and detect their uncontrolled and unauthorized trafficking. The proceedings constitute a record of the conference and include a summary of the conference, the collected papers, the findings of the conference by the President, and a record of the conference discussions.